{
  "crds_version": "0.1",
  "kind": "base",
  "id": "crds:cve-2016-3081",
  "revision": 1,
  "title": "Apache Struts — Dynamic Method Invocation Code Execution",
  "summary": "Apache Struts 2.3 releases from 2.3.19 to 2.3.28 with Dynamic Method Invocation enabled let a remote attacker run arbitrary code through a crafted method: prefix. Public exploit code exists.",
  "source_type": "cve",
  "severity": "high",
  "cvss": {
    "score": 8.1,
    "vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
    "version": "3.1"
  },
  "epss": 0.96525,
  "exploitation": {
    "known_exploited": true,
    "exploit_available": true,
    "attack_complexity": "high",
    "kev_added": "2026-10-08",
    "kev_due": "2026-10-11",
    "prerequisites": "Network access to a Struts application with Dynamic Method Invocation enabled."
  },
  "mitre_attack": [
    "T1190",
    "T1059"
  ],
  "kill_chain": "initial_access",
  "recommended_action": "Update Apache Struts per bulletin S2-032, and turn off Dynamic Method Invocation in any application that does not need it.",
  "confidence": "high",
  "provenance": [
    {
      "fields": [
        "cvss",
        "exploitation.attack_complexity",
        "exploitation.exploit_available",
        "published_at",
        "references"
      ],
      "source": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T08:06:18.021Z",
      "confidence": "high",
      "extractor": "scrty-crds-pipeline/0.1"
    },
    {
      "fields": [
        "exploitation.known_exploited",
        "exploitation.kev_added",
        "exploitation.kev_due"
      ],
      "source": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T08:06:18.021Z",
      "confidence": "high",
      "extractor": "scrty-crds-pipeline/0.1"
    },
    {
      "fields": [
        "epss"
      ],
      "source": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2016-3081",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T08:06:18.021Z",
      "confidence": "high",
      "extractor": "scrty-crds-pipeline/0.1"
    },
    {
      "fields": [
        "title",
        "subtitle",
        "summary",
        "severity",
        "remediation",
        "mitre_attack",
        "kill_chain",
        "recommended_action",
        "confidence",
        "tags",
        "exploitation.prerequisites"
      ],
      "source": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T08:06:18.021Z",
      "confidence": "high",
      "extractor": "claude-code"
    }
  ],
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "cve",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081",
      "label": "NVD record"
    },
    {
      "type": "cisa",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog",
      "label": "CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog"
    },
    {
      "type": "vendor_advisory",
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "vendor_advisory",
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "exploit",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
    }
  ],
  "published_at": "2016-04-26T14:59:02.207Z",
  "issued_at": "2026-11-05T08:06:18.021Z",
  "tags": [
    "apache",
    "struts",
    "command-injection"
  ]
}